As an economy transforms from an agricultural economy to an
industrial economy, a decline in participation of female labour force is
observed.
With an increase in income levels of the households, a woman no longer prefers working as an unpaid worker or a helper or as
a casual worker unless the work is remunerative (as in MGNREGA).
However,
such opportunities are limited in rural India and as a result women are not
finding jobs matching their preference (regular part-time jobs close to their
households). Furthermore, with low skill levels, jobs in the non-farm sector
are also limited.
These factors perhaps have led to
the withdrawal of women from the labour force.
Policy Strategies
The decline observed in rural
female labour force participation is due to a complex mix of several forces
working simultaneously.
While the focus is on education and
income effect, research reveal that the lack
of sufficient non-farm jobs in rural areas has forced women to stay out of the
labour market. The wage conditions prevalent in the rural labour market
show that female workers have experienced a better hike in wages/salaries; it
implies that the gender gap in terms of wages/salaries has started declining.
But the opportunities available in rural
India which are compatible with their education levels are dying out.
Dedicated efforts in skilling,
re-skilling and improving their educational outcomes through infrastructure
development, female teacher availability, incentives along with creating an
adequate number of favourable job opportunities are necessary to harness their
potential.
Considering the constraints
experienced by the rural females to enter the labour force, policy initiatives
are required to make them economically active. The initiatives should focus on microfinance-supported self-help
group-centred activities, which will make them economically active along
with handling domestic duties.
—Excerpt taken
from Decline in Rural Female Labour Force Participation in
India: A Relook into the Causes, Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers
Join the discussion on Vikalpa’s
official Facebook page here!
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