The Effectiveness of Poverty Alleviation Policy: Why Is the Quality of Institutions the Bane in Nigeria?
̶ Review of Development and Change
In recent years, good governance has been widely acknowledged as the key determinant of economic development. The effective functioning of public institutions is critical to achieving improved growth (North, 1990), and the quality of institutions is paramount in enhancing economic growth (Abed & Gupta, 2002; Nondo et al., 2016).
Meaningful development, in short, can seldom come about in any country in which there is no modicum of confidence in public justice systems (Smith, 1776). Since a principal component of a good public system is the capacity to deliver sustainable services, progressing on the level of the institutional potency will inevitably engender substantial improvements across areas (regions and countries). Hence, effective government is a prerequisite condition for growth enhancement and poverty reduction1 (Kaufmann et al., 2004). A viable institutional framework could amplify the pro-poor effect of economic development.
In low-income
countries, the institutional role in advancing individuals’ welfare is
paramount. This recognition necessitates the inclusion of a governance-focused
Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 16) in Agenda 2030, in contrast to scant
attention given to governance role in progress outcomes by the Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs; UN System Task Team on the Post-2015 UN Development Agenda, 2012).
Compared to other
developing regions during the MDGs period, the lopsided nature of poverty
alleviation in Africa might imply that robust institutions could help bridge
gross domestic product (GDP) growth–poverty reduction gap. In most African
countries, there have been cases of sustained growth with no corresponding
improvement in social welfare.
For instance, the
report has shown that Nigerian economy is one of the 10 fastest-growing
economies globally, with a growth rate averaging about 6%–7% in the last 10
years. After the rebasing of the economy in 2013, GDP values rose to US$509
billion by the year end, which made Nigeria the largest economy in Africa and
the 26th in the world (Enweremadu,
2013).
Yet poverty remains
endemic in the country. As Nigeria’s National Bureau of Statistics report (NBS, 2005) bears out, the percentage of the Nigerian
population classified as ‘extremely poor’ between 1980 and 2004 were 28.1 (in
1980), 46.3 (1985), 42.76 (1992), 65.6 (1996) and 54.4 (in 2004). Despite
numerous poverty alleviation programmes introduced by successive governments
[Universal Basic Education (UBE), National Poverty Eradication Programme
(NAPEP) and National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS)],
since 1980, there has been a significant increase in poverty rates in Nigeria.
Recent statistical
data (Table 1) on most social development indicators are
somewhat appalling. With 86.9 million of the population living in extreme
poverty, which represents almost 50% of its estimated total population, the
case of Nigeria has reached an alarming level, and the country is seen as ‘the
poverty capital of the world’ (Brookings Institution, 2018). Consequently, this question has continued to
agitate minds: Why has the poverty rate remained unabated despite the numerous
poverty alleviation policies introduced by the government?
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ReplyDeleteThe effectiveness of poverty alleviation policies in Nigeria is hindered significantly by the pervasive issue of poor institutional quality. Weak governance structures, corruption, and lack of accountability undermine the implementation and impact of these policies. Despite well-intentioned efforts, the absence of robust institutions erodes public trust and impedes the equitable distribution of resources, perpetuating the cycle of poverty. Addressing institutional deficiencies through comprehensive reforms is imperative to enhance the efficacy of poverty alleviation strategies and uplift the lives of vulnerable populations in Nigeria.
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