Determinants of Livelihood Diversification Under Environmental Change in Coastal Community of Bangladesh
-Asia-Pacific Journal of Rural Development
Livelihood
diversification (LD) plays a crucial role in promoting economic growth and
reducing rural poverty in developing countries (Loison,
2019). It is the process of combining both agricultural and non-agricultural
activities to survive and improve the standard of living (Ellis,
1998; Niehof,
2004; Martin & Lorenzen,
2016; Pritchard
et al., 2019).
Households across the developing countries are trying to diversify their livelihood activities to secure from risks and cope with economic and environmental shocks (Baird & Hartter, 2017; Gautam & Andersen, 2016; Martin & Lorenzen, 2016). By providing alternative non-farm job opportunities, LD marks a vital role in sustainable ecological development and rural poverty reduction (Liu & Lan, 2015). Climate change has emerged as a threat to natural life and livelihood systems (Rahman et al., 2018).
To cope with the
changing situation, smallholder farmers in the coastal regions are adopting
both on-farm (planting drought-tolerant crops and mixed farming) and off-farm
(selling household assets, migration of the entire households and decreasing
food consumption/changing diets) diversification strategies. These diversified
activities allow farming households to manage risk and improve their lives (Aniah et
al., 2019; Baird
& Hartter, 2017). There are several factors, such as education level,
number of livestock, farming experience, etc., that affect the adoption of
diversified activities (Akhtar et
al., 2019). Most importantly, the age of the household head, along with
possession of cropland and distance from markets, are essential determinants of
LD strategy (Corral
& Radchenko, 2017; Ismail et
al., 2018; Tesfaye
et al., 2011).
Despite having a
little contribution to global emission, Bangladesh is to experience the adverse
impact of global warming in terms of changing climate (Collins,
2014). Farmers in the coastal regions of the country are forced to alter or
diversify their agricultural activities to cope with climate-driven hazards (Burchfield
& Poterie, 2018).
Besides, several
natural disasters, such as cyclones, floods, tidal surges, droughts, salinity
intrusion and waterlogging, pose severe threats to their lives and livelihoods
(Bernier
et al., 2016; Hasan
& Kumar, 2020; Shameem
et al., 2014).
Each year, they
experience a massive loss of productive land and damage to other natural
resources, such as freshwater estuary, grassland, forests, etc., that threaten
their livelihoods and food security (Alam,
2017; Pouliotte
et al., 2009). They have been adopting both on-farm (planting saline
resilient crops, changing cropping time, livestock rearing, etc.) and non-farm
(wage employment, short-term migration, tertiary jobs, etc.) adaptation
strategies to reduce loss from farming activities (Kabir et
al., 2017).
.
.
.
indoor steam room
ReplyDeleteWAJA sauna is specialist manufacturer of top quality sauna products. Products include sauna rooms, steam rooms, barrel saunas, wooden hot tubs, and all kinds of sauna accessories.
People in Sweden speak the Swedish language. The linguistic diversity of Sweden is vaguely diverse according to a fractionalization scale which for Sweden is 0.1968. The followers of Christianity are the religious majority in the country. 85.2% of Sweden's population live in cities. This percentage comprises the urban population of Sweden. The rate of urbanization in Sweden is considered to be 0.5. According to data on inbound tourists in Sweden, 5,229,000 tourists arrive in the country each year.
ReplyDeletehttp://www.confiduss.com/en/jurisdictions/sweden/culture/
I meet many Bangladeshi peoples in my university they are living simple life and they are loving outing with their relatives one of m Bangladeshi friend help me in finding Online Dissertation Help service for my academic works.
ReplyDelete