A
serious reckoning of domestic work as work, began primarily with the work of
social reproduction theorists who emphasised that domestic work played a
significant role in the reproduction of capitalism as a system and its workers.
Emphasising on the false distinction created between public and private domains
of work, paid and unpaid works, social reproduction theorists argued that these
domains were not distinct but rather entangled and interdependent.
Social
reproduction theorists contributed significantly by highlighting the gendered
nature of processes of accumulation and reproductive activities. Their work
remained significant in highlighting that unpaid work was also in fact value
producing. While unpaid forms of such work continue to remain unaccounted from
official statistical frameworks, the Indian state introduced a nation-wide time
use survey for the first time in 2019 to understand the gendered contribution
to paid and unpaid works within the household. In the United States (US), the
work of Arlie Hochschild and others has emphasised the second shift phenomenon
that women much more frequently than men have been saddled with. In addition to
gender however, and with the significance of intersectionality as a framework,
other axes of identity such as race and caste were given analytical weight to
understand how work which was characterised as ‘women’s work’—emerged and
adapted but persisted with a gender association.
In
this study, the analytical lens of class is combined with an intersectional
perspective to understand mediations around domestic work. This is done by
unpacking how middle-class women across two different social–cultural
locations—the US and India—negotiate domestic work. This study highlights this
negotiation from the point of view of middle-class households where women who
take on roles as household managers are economically in a position to outsource
this work entirely or in part to others—often women, of colour and those
belonging to ‘lower’ castes. This perspective is adopted, not at the cost of
further negating the voices of vulnerable women; instead, the perspective of a
sociology of the elites provides the ability to understand how households in an
economically advantageous position determine divisions of domestic work and
negotiate its value as it moves from the domain of unpaid to paid work. In a
neoliberal context, where few public resources are made available for providing
care work (often a large component of domestic work), it is often the informal
labour market to which households turn, to outsource ‘women’s work’ to poorly
paid domestic workers (DW). This is particularly in cases where middle-class
women are combining unpaid domestic work with paid work. Within this neoliberal
context, gender norms around domestic work combine with structures of race in
the US and caste in India, to inform the relation of employment.1
Although
class cultures are complex and beyond the strata of income, for the purpose of
this study, middle-class is defined as pertaining to households which in the US
have a cumulative annual income of at least $40,000 and approximately $7,000
for India.2 This
study refers to DW as individuals who are paid for their work in households in
contrast to middle-class women who perform unpaid household work and are
managers of DW.
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"What is the relationship between middle-class women and domestic work in India and the United States, specifically considering factors like caste, race, and patriarchy?" greeting : https://campuslife.telkomuniversity.ac.id/2023/08/21/romantisasi-kehidupan-kampus-hal-kecil-yang-terlewatkan/
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