Population ageing is now a
daunting challenge across the globe. In the last few decades, enormous
advancement in medical science, coupled with a sharp decline in fertility, has
accentuated the share of the elderly population and created the problem of
population ageing. Compared to the developed world, the demographic transition
is more challenging for the Asian countries like China and India because of the
huge population size and inadequate social security system for the elderly
citizens. Projection suggests that Asia will be the largest resident of the
elderly people by 2050—almost ‘38 per cent of 1 billion elderly’ (60 years and
above) will reside in India and China alone. Among them, 432 and 330 million of
elderly population will belong to China and India, respectively.
Population ageing in China and
India has certain characteristics in common. Both the countries have a culture
of ‘patrilineal and patrilocal kinship’ in the household systems and gained
almost 30 years of life expectancy at birth over the period 1950–1955. However,
China has attained the gain in life expectancy, well before India, due to
centralised government intervention in reducing mortality and total fertility
rate in the last 25 years. The intercountry difference can be attributed by
equitability in the distribution of public services. China has extensive public
provision system and well-connected healthcare services across the country, whereas,
in India, healthcare utilisation is mostly a matter of out-of-pocket
expenditure and therefore, disproportionately distributed among the people according
to their financial capabilities.
Therefore, considerable difference is visible
in healthy life expectancy (HALE) at birth, that is, mortality with non-fatal
outcomes, in these two countries. HALE for Chinese males and females is 65 and
67.8 years, respectively, but for India it is only 55.9 years for males and
56.7 years for females. From the perspective of healthy ageing, it implies that
China has an advantage over India. As we compare old age support systems, at
least the minimum standard of living is assured by the government in China, but
in India 90 per cent of elders have no pension and nearly 71 per cent of the
elderly people continue economic participation due to poverty.
Both China and India are emerging
nations and transforming their socio-economic structure. It is evident that
population ageing is going to be phenomenal in both the countries in the coming
decades, and elderly support base is decreasing due to emerging conflicts
between personal well-being and living responsibilities among working-age
population.
Truly, less working population has
to support a large elderly population both socially and financially that in
turn raises the question about the well-being of elderly, during the phases of
demographic transition.
Although, India has 30 more years to reach the
demographic dividend phase of China, little is known about the implications of
contemporary social and economic structures on the well-being of the
Indian elderly.

− Determinants of the Quality of Life
Among Elderly: Comparison Between China and India, The International Journal of Community and
Social Development
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